But the real solvent extraction boom took place much later with the extensive soybean cultivation in Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Maharashtra from the lates onwards. Acreages under mustard, groundnut, soybean, and also other oilseeds like sunflower and safflower rose considerably.
The NDDB too, had a range of both filtered and refined groundnut, mustard and sunflower oil, marketed in tetra-packs under the Dhara brand. In the early to mid-eighties, India was importing some 1. With domestic oilseeds production climbing from However, all that changed with liberalisation. The third phase of the Indian edible oil saga is coterminous with the surge in imports, from just over 0. In October , oil imports totalled Till April , the import of edible oils was canalised through STC, largely as a matter of Government of India policy for catering to the consumption needs under the Public Distribution System PDS and for supplies to the domestic industry.
The volume of import started increasing rather rapidly thereafter. The nature of the industry itself has changed as a result of this huge shift to imported oils. Much of it today comprises not expeller or solvent extraction units processing domestically grown oilseeds, but mere refineries importing crude palm, soybean or sunflower oil. Soybean oil, for instance, is predominantly consumed in the North and the East, but in both regions, mustard remains the first choice.
Cincinnati is on the Ohio River, which flows to the Mississippi River, which leads to the ever-important port of New Orleans. From the mouth of the mighty Mississippi, Porkopolis distributed meat throughout the coastal southern United States.
The by-products of pork production meant that the burgeoning metropolis was also home to many tanneries, boot makers, and upholsters. Animal fats were hot commodities, as they were rendered and molded into soap and candles. Breaking down pigs was a highly efficient process known as the disassembly line -- an idea that would later be reverse-engineered by Henry Ford to produce automobiles. A major economic depression in the s caused two important citizens of Porkopolis to join forces in order to cut costs and survive the bear market.
They formed a company that would eventually be responsible for the greatest dietary shift in our country's history. William Procter brought his candle-making business to the states after a fire destroyed his business in England.
In a twist of fate, the two men happened to marry sisters in Cincinnati. At the time, soap was sold in huge wheels that were sliced into custom-sized portions at general stores. Procter and Gamble decided to take a chance by mass-producing individually wrapped bars of soap. To pull this off, the brother-in-laws needed to drastically reduce the price of their raw ingredients, which meant finding a replacement for expensive animal fats.
They settled on a mix of palm and coconut oils and created the first soap that floated in water -- a handy invention when clothes and dishes alike were washed in a sudsy basin. Hard pressed to come up with a name for this new product, Procter looked to the bible for inspiration and found it in Psalm "All thy garments smell of myrrh, and aloes, and cassia, out of the ivory palaces, whereby they have made thee glad.
Oddly enough, the company to thank for the fact that America now eats so much vegetable oil has never produced much in the way of food. To ensure a steady, cheap supply for soap production the company formed a subsidiary in called Buckeye Cotton Oil Co. Before processing, cottonseed oil is cloudy red and bitter to the taste because of a natural phytochemical called gossypol it's used today in China as male birth control and is toxic to most animals, causing dangerous spikes in the body's potassium levels, organ damage, and paralysis.
Vegetable oil extraction can also be completed by chemical extraction using a solvent. Solvent extraction is used to remove the remaining oil content in the compressed plant material. During this step, the crushed plant materials are heated and mixed with hexane; a chemical that extracts the residual oil within the crushed goods.
Once the oil has been extracted, a process of purification takes places to remove any impurities that may still be present after the extraction process. This is an important step as these impurities can affect the taste, quality and clarity of the final oil product. Refining is the final processing step when it comes to creating vegetable oil. The refining process removes any missed impurities and other remaining undesired constituents, through bleaching and deodorising steps.
During the bleaching component, the oil is heated and mixed with filter aids that absorb the colouring and other impurities found within the oil. Once this has been completed, the oil is heated under vacuum to — degrees Celsius — this step removes the remaining free fatty acids and impurities.
Water is then introduced as steam, which then bubbles through the oil, carrying away any impurities. This step is key to the manufacturing of vegetable oils and once it has been completed, the oil is ready for packaging. Oils are commonly packaged into drums, as they are specially designed to hold the liquid, as well as protect it. Though, there are different formats of packaging depending on the oils end-use purpose. For the food service industry, the type of packaging is important as it serves as a form of containment and protection for the oil product.
Metal drums and pails are common in hospitality due to their ability to hold 20 litres and retain clear product information, as required by mandatory labelling regulations. Bag-in-box is a relatively new oil packaging solution, which combines the stacking capability and storage convenience of cartons with the pouring ability of a drum.
Plastic bottles are also commonly used — these options are popular amongst chefs due to them being easy to hold and use, especially when in a rush in the kitchen.
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